Cultural Differences Of The Workplace - 1046 Words

Cultural Differences in the Workplace Anyone who has traveled to a foreign country can tell you stories about traditions or cultural differences that are not familiar to them. By understanding these cultural differences in the work environment, leaders can get the most out a diverse workforce and be better equipped to compete in today’s global economy. To show how this can be done an overview of the research done by Professor Geert Hofstede will be discussed, followed by the examination of the differences and similarities between two different cultures and how they impact work relationships. Hofstede’s Six Dimensions of Culture Professor Gert Hofstede performed an extensive amount of research on how different cultural values affect values in the workplace. His initial research along with later supporting research found six dimensions of national culture to examine the differences between these cultures. These are the Power Distance Index (PDI), Individualism versus Collectivism (IDV), Masculinity versus Femininity (MAS), Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI), Long Term Orientation versus Short Term Normative Orientation (LTO), and Indulgence versus Restraint (IND) (geert-hofstede.com, 2015). Analysis of different cultures using this model can help companies improve leadership and management techniques that are more effective in today’s global economy. Henderson and Argyle (1986) highlight the unwritten rules that can affect working relationships. Over time these basic rules areShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding Cultural Differences in the Workplace Essay1030 Words   |  5 PagesUnderstanding Cultural Differ ences in the Work Place Spring Session B Professor Davis 5/6/2012 Chamberlain College Of Nursing The importance of understanding cultural, ethnic and gender differences by managers and professionals in a business setting is essential to make the work environment comfortable. In every culture there are basic standards of thinking, and acting and these cultural differences strongly influence workplace values and communication. What mayRead MoreCultural diversity is defined as the cultural variety and cultural differences that exist in the600 Words   |  3 PagesCultural diversity is defined as the cultural variety and cultural differences that exist in the world, a society, or an institution and or the inclusion of diverse people in a group or organization. (dictionary.com) This paper will discuss some of the general competencies required to be successful while working in a culturally diverse environment. Not only is diversity in the workplace inevitable it is necessary and makes perfect business sense. The concept of diversity within the workplace includesRead MoreCross Cultural Relationships1105 Words   |  5 PagesCROSS CULTURAL RELATIONSHIPS As the world becomes more and more internationally connected, the need to understand people from different cultures and how to interact appropriately with them also increases. Managers and leaders need to develop intercultural competences that can help them be more aware of their own culturally-based perceptions, norms, and patterns of thinking, and consequently adapt their behaviors according to specific cultural contexts. Managing people across cultures  offers solidRead MoreCultural Diversity in the Workplace Essay968 Words   |  4 PagesErica L. Munsey Cultural Diversity In The Workplace Sociology 220B There is presently more than 60% percent of the United States work force that consist of immigrants, minorities and woman. Current studies show that in the next 10 – 15 years such groups will rise to 90% in the work force. Today’s leaders are now confronted with the challenges of how to effectively manage the work force that is increasing in the diverse lines of ethnicity, physical abilityRead MoreThe Challenges Of Human Resource Management872 Words   |  4 Pagespeople, These changes are opening global operations to more than ever before. This change is having a considerable impact on human resource management. One of the greatest challenges that human resource management faces in terms of workplace globalization is workplace diversity. Diversity is the condition of having or being composed of differing elements : VARIETY; especially : the inclusion of different types of people (as people of different races or cultures) in a group or organization progra msRead MoreDiversity Training And Its Effectiveness1240 Words   |  5 PagesDiversity may be defined as recognizing and respecting the similarities, differences and unique characteristics an individual employee contributes to the workplace. Diversity training and its effectiveness in the workplace has been met with differing conclusions as to the positive or negative impact this type of training may have on an organization. Today, change in the workplace is inevitable and diversity training in the workplace has become common across the globe. Companies now realize that theRead MoreOvercoming Obstacles in a Diverse Workplace1241 Words   |  5 PagesDiversity in the workplace is not a new idea or concept. From the late 1800’s to the early 1900’s the majority of people living in the United States were immigrants from other countries including Italy, Russia, and Ireland. Each of the members from these countries spoke different languages, came from different culture s, and had different customs and work ethics. Acceptance to them was fought for in the workplace in industries such as coal, steel, automobile manufacturing, and other labor forcesRead MoreThe International House At Jacksonville State University1153 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is Diversity? Diversity is the existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society. A great example of diversity is the International House at Jacksonville State University. Where 23 different nationalities, including the United States, live in a house and share day to day experiences and exchange cultures. Living at the international house is a great experience to mature and learn about the world. Diversity is a really strong word, it can be scary at first to experience itRead MoreThe Best Practices Diversity Management And How Do They Improve Organizational Performance?924 Words   |  4 PagesOlaitan Okusaga HRM 350 Cross Cultural Communication Essay Dec 29, 2014 Topic: What are some of the best practices in diversity management and how do they improve organizational performance? Introduction As we enter the new phase of modern labor, diversity in the workforce is rapidly increasing. This wave of multiculturalism is here to stay and cannot be ignored by the present workers or students that are preparing to take charge of the future workforce. It is in need of attention in orderRead MoreManaging Diversity Between Ethiopia And The United States Essay1464 Words   |  6 PagesManaging diversity in the workplace while working with people that belong to Ethiopian Culture Summary: Working with the same nationals is fairly easy, but, challenges occur when one works with employees that belong to different geographic locations or countries. In this report, the major focus is to analyze Ethiopia’s culture in terms of managing the workplace diversity while having the professional ties with the Ethiopian citizens. This report will highlight how the workplace diversity is managed by

Family Roles of Addiction - 1108 Words

Kirsten M. Holley 10/13/13 Substance Abuse Chapter 5-6 Exercise Family Roles of Addiction I have never thought of myself as someone who had to deal with the struggles of addiction, I never had a problem with drugs or alcohol so the whole topic of substance abuse wasn’t really important to me. After reading more into the chapters of my book I now know that even if you are not the addict that doesn’t mean you are not caught up in the problems that addiction brings. Addiction is a disease that affects the family as a whole and sadly enough there are many real life situations where this occurs. â€Å"As the addict becomes more and more disabled by addiction, family members adapt to accommodate the changes in the addict.† (Ferguson,†¦show more content†¦They make excuses for negative behavior in the family which in return just encourages the negative behavior to continue. The mother plays this role; she buys the wine for dinner every night knowing that one bottle will not be enough even though her husband will be the only one drinking. She choose s to pretend that everything is okay and that her happiness is not as important as her families and as long as she keeps up the acting eventually everything will be good. She takes all of her husband’s joking insults with a grain of salt and goes behind any mess he makes with a broom ready to clean up after him. She knows that their family is not as finically well as her husband likes to boast about but she tries to keep them afloat the only way she knows how. To her hitting rock bottom is not an option and she knows that confronting the problem will just make her life even more of a mess. These roles of addiction make such an impact on each individual and until the family can recognize their situation and identify what role they are taking place in then the family will continue their dysfunctional ways. â€Å"The overall goal in letting go any of these roles is to stop doing the work for the addict.† (Wood) By stopping these roles you force the addict to deal with al l of his/her consequences from their addiction and choices they have made. Not only do you force the addict to tackle his /her own problems but you also allow yourself to be freeShow MoreRelatedAlcoholism : A Silent Killer1624 Words   |  7 Pageseffects the whole family from the inside out. Alcoholism within a family recreates unhealthy family roles in order to help adapt to living with an alcoholic. The alcoholic becomes the focal point in a family; which causes lasting effects. Alcoholism is a disease that destroy families when they are not appropriately addressed. This paper focuses on three points; 1) alcoholism recreates family roles, 2) The alcoholic/ism is the focus in family and 3) side effects of alcoholism on a family. This paper willRead MoreThe Abuse Of Drugs And Alcohol1146 Words   |  5 Pagesdrastically alter the dynamics of the family as a whole. Addiction is a chronic disorder that tears families apart as it destroys the individuals themselves. There is a thin line that family members walk in order to function with an addict daily. The impact that family member have can either be a positive facilitator towards the addicts recovery or the family can become drawn into the addicts world of abuse and addiction. There are various assorted roles that family member take on when it comes to eitherRead MoreWhen I Say That Biological Factors Play A Key Role In The1714 Words   |  7 PagesWhen I say that biological factors play a key role in the addiction what I really am referring to are our genes. Our genes are our biological make up that are pre-determined before we are even born. However, no one has ever been born an addict, but there are major indications that say there are certain genes that do make an individual more susceptible. Another thing, just because a person has these genes does not necessarily mean they will become an addict either. Again, there are addicts in thisRead MoreThe Disastrous Effects Of Parental Drug Addiction On Childr en1478 Words   |  6 PagesThe Disastrous Impact of Parental Drug Addiction on Children Drug addiction is a serious issue in not only America today, but globally. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, substance addiction is a â€Å"chronic, relapsing brain disease that is characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, despite the harmful consequences† (â€Å"What is drug addiction?†). Drug abuse affects not only the user, but those around the user as well. The actions of a drug user place a significant amount of worryRead MoreAddiction : A Serious Problem Essay1559 Words   |  7 PagesAddiction is a very serious problem in today’s society. It is the goal of counselors to help those who suffer from addictions. There are many different models that attempt to explain what addiction is, and how someone gets addicted. There many different views about addiction. â€Å"Historically addiction has been understood in various ways- a sin, a disease, a bad habit-each a reflection of a variety of social, cultural and scientific conceptions(Ham mer et al., 2012 p. 713). While there are many differentRead MoreDrug Addiction Treatment Centers Essay999 Words   |  4 PagesWhen you are looking for drug addiction treatment centers, it becomes very important that you have to know thoroughly all aspects of rehabilitation centers before you choose the one for you or for your loved one. You have to review these rehabilitation centers on facilities or services they gives, for example, rehabilitation treatment programs, professionals, and ratings they have. And what they charge for all their services. There are some drug addiction treatment centers, which are giving betterRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Smoking, And How It Affects Family Relationships1463 Words   |  6 Pagespaper will focus on the issues of addiction; in specific, substance abuse and smoking, and how it affects family relationships. Living with someone who struggles with substance abuse is a very difficult battle amongst many families worldwide. When we were broug ht into this world, we were not born with a set of values and expectations, but rather, that is something that we learnt over our years of development. Primarily, we spend most of our time with our families, who are the ones that influence ourRead MoreEssay on Preventing Addiction1567 Words   |  7 PagesAddiction, addict, addicted, and addicting, are all words that are socially frowned upon. Yet adolescent addiction is on the rise, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, prescription drug use in particular is on the rise. On the other hand, use of cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and hallucinogens have decreased, but marijuana use has remained the same. Most addiction starts at the adolescent age when teens are trying to find themselves, and find relief from the social problems theyRead MoreAddiction Is An Individual Problem Or A Family Problem?810 Words   |  4 PagesIntro When a person has an addiction, does it only affect them? One theory believes it not only affects the addict but the family of the addict. How do the families of addicts behave? Are there any definitive characteristics that families of addicts display? The addictive family is real, well look at the characteristic of this type of family; explore how it allows the addict to continue their destructive behavior all in an attempt to maintain homeostasis. When Normal is dysfunctional Even systemsRead MoreIs Pornography Addiction A Sexual Addiction?752 Words   |  4 PagesEtiology/Neurobiology As previously mentioned, pornography addiction is a sexual addiction. Like most addictions, there is not one single cause for the addiction. Rather, there are several factors that play into the role of addiction such as biological, psychological, socio-cultural, and spiritual factors. Individuals may have a genetic makeup or biological variables that make them more susceptible to acquiring a sexual addiction such as pornography. The ability to overcome impulsive behavior with

Documentary Film free essay sample

The fact is, every cut is a lie. The cutaway of someone intently listening to someone speak is shot after – or before – the actual conversation. Even with multiple camera shoots, the editor uses the ideal reaction shot rather than the exact, matching moment. And when one cuts back to the speaker, likely as not, a long chunk of the actual conversation is dropped in order to get to the point. So, the truth is adjusted. The irony is that, in editing, one has to like to tell the truth, otherwise the audience would die of boredom or the truth would be smothered under a mountain of chaff† Three moments in documentary film history: 1. government sponsored education/propaganda in the 1930’s: The River 2. Made-for television direct cinema in the 1960s: Lonely Boy 3. â€Å"expressive† independent cinema in the late 1980/1990: a. Gap Toothed Women (Les Blank, 1987) b. The thin blue line (Errol Morris, 1989) c. We will write a custom essay sample on Documentary Film or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Roger and me (Michael Moore, 1987) Wolf Koenig The editing of a documentary is like creating something out of thin air, the shots are often unrelated in time and space and yet, by bringing them together correctly, they begin to attract each other and cohere, like mollecules. † Types of non-narrative form in documentary films: â€Å"A film might be intended to convey information in a simple fashion and hence draw on what we can term categorical form. Or the filmmaker may want to make an argument that will convince the spectator of something. In this case the film draws upon rhetorical form. Four attributes of rhetorical form: 1. pen address to the viewer 2. concern with a matter of opinion, open to multiple possible interpretations 3. an appeal to not only factual evidence but to emotions 4. an attempt to persuade the viewer to make a choice affecting the viewer’s everyday life Pare Lorentz: â€Å"Virgil made piano sketches of each section of the movie, each large sequence, and then the crew and I tried to edit it down to a preconceived time, at which point Virgil would get some ideas, genius ideas, and we would work back and forth so that you didn’t have a completed score put on top of a completed movie or visa versa. Bordwell and Thompson (pg 340) Wolf Koenig: â€Å"One camera was all we needed. We became quite adept at shooting with a mind to the editing process – get lots of cutaway material; get wide shots as well as close-ups; get reaction shots; get materal to establish the location, etc. †About women trying to find inner beauty Starts on a closeup of the gap in the teeth, and talking about the negatives. Throughout the documentary it disintegrates into just talking about women and inner beauty in general, meaning that the gap in the teeth isn’t important, and it’s whats on the inside that counts. Exam Study: -graphic match: the visuals look the same -rhythmic match: cuts and editing is timed -spatial match: continuity editing -temporal match: chronological order -non-diegetic insert: interruption of a narrative where the scene or shot is not seen within the world of the story

Why Profit Does Not Equal Cash Essay Essay Example

Why Profit Does Not Equal Cash Essay Essay Why is net income non equal to hard currency coming in? Some differences such as loans received which do non impact the net income and loss statement are reasonably obvious. Others may non be as obvious but you can interrupt them down into three chief countries: – Revenue is booked at sale. In many instances a sale is recorded for accounting intents in the net income and loss statement when a company delivers a merchandise or service. In many instances. no hard currency has been exchanged at the clip of sale since clients typically have a declared figure of yearss to pay. So. since net income is partly determined by gross. a constituent of that net income reflects a customer’s promise to pay. Cash flow reflects merely hard currency really received. – Expenses are matched to gross. An overruling accounting rule is to fit the costs and disbursals associated with the grosss generated during a given clip period. The disbursals charged to the income statement may non be those that were really paid during that period. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Profit Does Not Equal Cash Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why Profit Does Not Equal Cash Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why Profit Does Not Equal Cash Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Many will be paid subsequently when they are invoiced by a seller. Cash flow reflects the hard currency that really went out the door during a period. – Capital outgos do non number against net income straight. A capital outgo does non look on the income statement when it occurs. It is merely the depreciation that is charged against gross over clip which is based on the utile life of the point that was purchased. The hard currency flow reflects a different narrative as most points are paid for long before they may be to the full depreciated on the net income and loss statement. It is true that in mature. good managed companies. hard currency flow will more closely track net net income. Receivables may be collected on a timely footing. payables will be paid. and capital outgos will be incurred in line with depreciation charges. However. until an entity reaches. and more significantly is able to pull off to. such a province. all kinds of mayhem can take topographic point. It is really easy to make a province where there is net income without hard currency. This is The Danger Zone. It is besides of import to maintain in head that you may run into a state of affairs where you have good hard currency flow without net income. Say you are a retail merchant and roll up hard currency at sale. Your disbursals may be paid to sellers at a ulterior clip which may lull an proprietor into a false sense of wellness. The hard currency flow statement may look all right as the concern is turning. but if borders and disbursals are ill managed. the proprietor may happen themselves in an unprofitable state of affairs which can non perpetuate a healthy concern. What Are the Differences Between Straight Line. Double-Declining Balance A ; Unit of measurements of Production? Depreciation is the allotment of an asset’s cost over its utile life. A company may take from different methods of depreciation for fiscal coverage intents. Straight line. double-declining balance and units of production are three such methods. Each method differs in the manner it allocates an asset’s cost. which can impact your little business’ net income. Purpose of Depreciation Accrual-based accounting requires a concern to fit the disbursals it incurs with the grosss it generates each accounting period. Because a long-run plus. such as a piece of equipment. contributes toward grosss over many accounting periods. a company spreads the asset’s cost over its utile life utilizing depreciation. This creates a depreciation disbursal on the income statement each accounting period equal to a part of the asset’s cost alternatively of making an disbursal for the full cost all at one time. Timing Differences Each method of depreciation depreciates an plus by the same overall sum over the asset’s life. but each method does so on a different agenda. The straight-line method depreciates an plus by an equal sum each accounting period. The cut downing balance method allocates a greater sum of depreciation in the earlier old ages of an asset’s life than in the ulterior old ages. Different Uses A concern chooses the method of depreciation that best lucifers an asset’s form of usage in its concern. A company may utilize the straight-line method for an plus it uses systematically each accounting period. such as a edifice. Reducing balance may be appropriate for an plus that generates a higher quality of end product in its earlier old ages than in its ulterior years/ loss efficiency. Different Effectss on Net income Depreciation disbursal reduces a business’ net income on its income statement. While the straight-line method reduces net income by the same sum each accounting period. the other two methods cause a company’s net income to fluctuate with all else being equal. The double-declining-balance method causes lower net income in the earlier old ages of an asset’s life than in the ulterior old ages due to the greater depreciation disbursal in the earlier old ages. Units-of-production may do unpredictable net income swings based on the sum of end product an plus generates.

computer1 essays

computer1 essays A site inspection will be performed to double-check these plans: investigate traditional problem areas, such as elevator shafts, firewalls, and potential sources of interference. Spend some time looking around the Campus or your place of work. What obstacles do you think you would face when installing a network? List 12 things that could cause a problem. People (students, and facilities) You are working for a company that is using your computer skills to provide computer support to other employees. This is not an official part of your job and you are still expected to get your job done. One day a consultant shows up and starts planning a network and computer support services. Neither your supervisor or the consultant acknowledges your role or asks for your opinion. How do you think you would react? As a manager how could you avoid this potential problem? Who do you think should be involved in the planning process managers, supervisors, staff members, senior staff, existing technical staff? Why/Why Not? Everybody should involve from the planning process, because adding a network involves changes to the ways people work, the human element is equally important. Would you recommend that the company use an outside consultant? Why/Why Not? For all but the smallest of networks, unless youre already an experienced networker, it might be wise to consider enlisting the services of a qualified network consultant in planning and implementing your network. The only caveat is to remember that consultants can only deliver what you ask for; the more specific and detailed your requests, the better the results will be. What resources do you think you will require to run the network once it is in place? Will it require a permanent staff? How will you inform the potential users that a network will be insta ...

Majority Government in Canada

Majority Government in Canada The way Canada elects its representatives and head of government is different from the process we follow in the United States. Winning a majority of seats in the Canadian Parliaments House of Commons has different ramifications than winning a majority in the U.S. Senate or House of Representatives. In our presidential system, the head of state and the head of government is the same  person, and he or she is elected independently of the members of the American legislature (Senate and House of Representatives). But in a parliamentary system, theres a head of state and a head of government, and the head of government derives its power from the ruling party. In Canada, the head of state is the Queen, and the prime minister is the head of government. The ruling party determines who will be prime minister. So how does a party become Canadas ruling party? Majority Party Versus Minority Party in Canada The political party that wins the most seats in a general election becomes the governments ruling party. If that party wins more than half of the seats in the House of Commons or legislative assembly, then the party forms a majority government. This is the best-case scenario as far as a political party is concerned (but may not be ideal for voters, depending on how they voted), since it ensures they will be able to steer the direction of policy and legislation without much input (or interference, depending on your point of view) from other parties.  The parliamentary system of government makes party loyalty from Canadian politicians  all but assured. Heres why: A majority government can pass legislation and maintain the confidence of the House of Commons or legislative assembly to stay in power much more easily than a  minority government. Thats what happens when a party wins half or fewer than half of the seats in the House of Commons or legislative assembly.   In order to retain the confidence of the House of Commons and remain in power, a minority government has to work a lot harder. It will have to negotiate more frequently with other parties and possibly make concessions and adjustments in order to win enough votes to pass legislation.   Choosing Canadas Prime Minister The entire country of Canada is divided into districts, also known as ridings, and each one elects its representative in Parliament. The leader of the party that wins the most ridings in a general federal election becomes Canadas Prime Minister.   As head of the countrys executive branch, Canadas prime minister chooses the cabinet, deciding who should oversee the various government departments, such as agriculture or foreign affairs. Most of Canadas cabinet ministers come from the House of Commons, and occasionally one or two come from the Senate. The prime minister serves as chairman of the cabinet. Canadian federal elections are usually held every four years on the first Thursday in October. But if the government loses the confidence of the House of Commons, a new election may be called.   The political party which wins the second highest number of seats in the House of Commons becomes the official opposition party.   The prime minister and cabinet are the key decision-makers in Canadian government. Having a majority party makes their jobs much easier.

Idea of Being A Fan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Idea of Being A Fan - Essay Example However, fans in reality play a much deeper role, since they are placed as a great resource within the retail outlet sector, and are especially targeted to play their role within the mechanisms of consumer culture (Hills 3). When many fans come together, it is known as a fan base or fandom. As far as society goes, in order to provide for economic growth, a number of monetary and fiscal policies must be implemented (Lipsey et al. 445). Therefore, through the mass movements in money due to fan activities, society benefits as a whole thereby further creating developments. I remember in particular when I was a big fan of the musical band, the Red Hot Chilli Peppers. I was so fascinated and inspired by their works that I decided to pick the bass guitar to mimic their style and also in the hope of making it big myself. I attended a couple of their concerts, which was truly an amazing sight, and purchased most of their merchandise. Indeed, the Red Hot Chilli Peppers did influence my way of living and my mannerisms, as well as my wallet. Eventually, their music became monotonous and so, I moved on to another genre of music where I became a fan of many other bands, namely Three Days Grace and Breaking Benjamin. Fans, in my mind are not completely influenced through the activities of their â€Å"idols†. There are various other psychological factors that are implemented into manifesting a fan base. For example, when it comes to sports fans, various techniques may include higher fan expectations for an event, pressurized competitive environment, individualism, new technology, time pressure, paradox of commercialism and many more (Rein et al. 9). Indeed, a fan in any field is a highly prioritized commodity. If you ever view any of the music awards, you will always notice the winner thanking their â€Å"fans all over the world†. It may be so, that we are all fans of one thing or another, even though we may not consciously aware of it. In fact, it may

Themes of Crhistian Faith Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Themes of Crhistian Faith - Essay Example For how can one fully know or predict the end when he employs mind closed at recognizing paths that wind to a triumphant outcome. As I see it with his tone of reactions on course placement, clearly, he hasn’t been properly acquainted to an in-depth assessment of theology or his limited former knowledge might have been brought across at the wrong approach so there is not a way he can be expected to entertain the course in the competitive framework of the academe. Because the formation of his argument lacks structure, rational profundity and barely sounds discerning, I am gradually convinced to disagree with his vie. I find it sufficient as well to disagree on the ground that due to reluctance, he has not at all considered looking over a few lessons which may yield to recognition of advantages other than academic. Mr. Dawkins’ position is weak, having sought no development from an educated process of arriving at a decision and I suppose that every person with similar influence is not likely to figure any relevance in a religious subject and would amount to the same set of reasons that draw support based on the common philosophic undertakings and working principle in which science, in the absence of God, lies at the core. Theology, in its basic essence or with lengthy technical definition taken off, is by terms of origin, a word (logos) of god (theos) from which to explore limitless possibilities how it may be done so to obtain answers required upon discovery of innumerable questions with rising complexities, since no physical evidence is available to testify how or what spiritual entity and faith are in form. So then accordingly, one can at least claim that theology, as a study of god, proceeds to be identified as making an abstract concept raise to the level of tangibility, or reality, which we know must take a definitive form if individual truth allows its perceived

The Change in Family Roles in British Society Essay Example for Free

The Change in Family Roles in British Society Essay Family structure and family roles within British society have changed dramatically over the years. This essay will explain the changes in the roles and relationships within the family in the last century. The arrival of the industrial revolution and the rise of capitalism can be seen as the main factor which led to the change in family roles and structure in modern times. Michael Young and Peter Willmott in their book The Symmetrical Family suggest that the family in England has gone through four stages: The Pre-industrial family: The family is seen as an organised unit of production; family members worked together as a unit in the manufacture of agricultural items or textiles. The early industrial family: Family members at this stage are employed as wage earners. This kind of family prevailed in the 19th century when wages were low and unemployment was the enemy. The familys economic function was taken over by large scale industry. In response, families extended their network of relationships to include relatives. Women were for the most part responsible for this. There was a central relationship between a mother and her married daughter; by contrast the husband-wife relationship was weak. Women formed an ‘informal trade union’ from which men were excluded. This kind of family may still be found in long established working class areas. The symmetrical family: The nuclear family has become emphasised at the expense of the extended family and the ‘trade union’ of women has been disbanded. The husband is important once again within the family. Husband and wife share decisions, and work together, hence the term ‘symmetrical’. This kind of family emerged in middle classes and spread into working classes. Work is important in shaping the nature of family life. There are five reasons for the rise of the symmetrical family. The increase in male wages and the employment of women, the decrease of male mortality and unemployment rate, the increase in geographical mobility, the economic equality between spouses and finally the better living standards attracting men to their homes and leading to an increase in home entertainment. The Stage 4 asymmetrical family: Young and Wilmott foresee the development of a stage 4 family, which is an extension of their theory of the ‘Principle of Stratified Diffusion’. According to this theory, patterns of living spread down the social structure. Thus families at the bottom of the social order will copy the habits of those at the top. Applying this theory, they note that managing directors’ lives are work centred rather than home-centred. For such men sport, such as golf, is an important area of recreation. The relationship has become asymmetrical again, with the role of the wife being to look after children. Talcott Parsons believed that the extended family of the past, where each member of the family had a duty to perform including children who had to look after the elderly members of their family, served a number of functions in society. These functions have been taken over in industrial societies by specialist institutions such as the social services and schools. According to Parsons, industrialisation led to a move from extended families where fathers had to be the bread winner and mothers had to be the house wife who does not have any rights, and children from age 8 had to be at work helping their parents, to a nuclear family, where mothers and fathers have almost the same roles and rights, and where children become less dependent and have to stay in school to the age of 16. The structure of the family has changed for a number of reasons. The first is economic. Because more women are in paid work they become more independent. Before, women used to be house wives and they had no rights at all. The second reason for family change is moral. In the past, people could not have children without being married, to the extent that children born outside marriage were given to their grandparents to look after them, or given to work houses. Nowadays, fewer people seem to subscribe to traditional religious teachings on family and marriage; therefore people are free to make sexual and moral choices without any pressure of society. The third reason for family change is legal. Because of recent family law changes it has become a lot easier to get divorced. Before 1857 a private act of parliament was required to obtain divorce and only wealthy people were able to get divorce because of the cost involved. In the past, child abuse and women battering by their husbands were accepted forms of behaviour and women had no right to complain or to take any legal action against men. The BMA report on Domestic Violence (1998) recorded that, 1 in 4 women every year experience Domestic violence and 1 in 10 women experience domestic violence in their lives. However, in 1990, the home office instructed the police to treat domestic violence the same as any form of violence. In 1961, for the first time, women were able to decide if they want to have children or not and whether to have family or not. Also women’s priorities changed from getting married, looking after the family and having as many children as possible. Nowadays, women’s priorities are totally different; they want to be educated and to have the best career they can possibly have. Previously, women had to cope with their partner, even if they do not get on well together, single parenting was not accepted at all Today the welfare state supports women and their children if a relationship fails. Therefore, single parent families are able to survive on low incomes, which are provided by the state. This may account for the recent increase in single parent families as compared with to those days when divorced women had no support whatsoever from the government. To sum up, the last hundred years have witnessed a tendency towards more equality between men and women in terms of education, employment and legal rights. This has led to better individual conditions for both men and women. However, family life has not necessarily benefitted from the above. Instead, single parent families, with their negative impact on children, have increased dramatically and new less natural alternatives to the nuclear family, such as gay associations, have appeared in society.

Different Teaching Styles in Physical Education Essay -- Physical Educ

How would the quality of teaching for a physical education class be judged? In a math class, you might judge the quality by how fast the students can comprehend the material being taught. In a writing class you may judge the quality by the way the students construct their sentences. But in a physical education class the best way to judge the quality of teaching is translated into the amount of fun the class is having. Certain teaching styles will work best in this environment. From the book The Spectrum of teaching styles, From Command to Discovery, written by Muska Mosston, he explains that there are a variety of teaching styles. These styles are all a part of the Spectrum of Learning. The spectrum of learning is defined as â€Å"the framework for teaching where the term teaching style was selected to differentiate the descriptions of specific teaching behavior.†(Mosston, 1986) Mosston explains that through the process of decision-making, we are left with eleven styles of teaching on the spectrum. â€Å"Mosston’s analyses showed that for any style a teacher might choose, certain aspects or possibilities of the teaching-learning situation were facilitated while other as4pects were diminished.† (Thomson, 2009) meaning there are both strengths and weaknesses of each teaching style. The styles are, The Command style, The Practice Style, The Reciprocal Style, The Self-check Style, The Inclusion Style, The Guided Discovery Style, The Diver gent Style, The Convergent Discovery style, The Divergent Production Style, Learner Designed Individual Program Style, The Learner Initiated Style, and The Self Teaching Style. Each style is unique in its own way and each is practiced in teaching. (Mosston, 1986) Although, it is apparent that there are seve... ... styles in physical education are successful only when the students are having fun. Based on research the teaching style that is most successful is the command style of teaching. Although, there are several that can be used to also enhance the amount of fun that is had. Works Cited Mosston, M., & Ashworth, S. (1986). The Spectrum of Teaching Styles From Command to Discovery (Third Edition ed. , pp. 1-20). Columbus Ohio: Merrill Publishing Company. Winnick, J. P. (2005). Adapted Physical Education and Sport (Vol. 1, 4th ed., pp. 107-108) Cai, S. (1998). Student enjoyment of physical education class in three.. Education, 118(3), 412. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. Thomson, W. (2009). Mosston's Styles of Teaching: A Review of Command Style. Virginia Journal, 30(2), 20-22. Retrieved from SPORTDiscus with Full Text database.

Extended commentary of ‘I look into My Glass’ by Thomas Hardy Essay

On the Title: Negligible information – takes first line; a common feature. Themes: Time, The way that Time works, Age (emotional) Overall Structure: Three English quatrains, with an alternate rhyming scheme – this makes it more concentrated than a typical English quatrain. This â€Å"concentration† is a key feature; in both literal and emotional sense. It is a very short poem, but details a series of deep emotional reflections. Difficult language notes: * ‘Glass’ is an archaic (and now poetic) word for â€Å"mirror†. * The phrase â€Å"would God it came to pass† means â€Å"I wish that God had done ‘X’† or â€Å"had let ‘X’ happen†. In the poem, he wishes that God had let his heart wither, in terms of emotional feeling, just as his body had. * â€Å"Equanimity† means ‘of calm temperament’ – to be at peace spiritually, mentally etc. First Stanza Notes: Hardy presents us with a physical establishment of his persona – â€Å"I look into my glass/ And view my wasting skin†. This is the only physical description/detail in the poem; consequently it is of great importance. Hardy uses his ‘wasting skin’ to relate to his heart – his emotional life. ‘†Would God it came to pass/ My heart had shrunk as thin!†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. In short, the persona wishes that his emotions, his passions, his loves had ‘shrunken’ – or reduced in strength – at the same rate as his physical entity/appearance. Hardy uses enjambment in the line ‘skin/ And say† to add emphasis, along with the presence of direct speech. Perhaps the enjambment keeps the reader in suspense? Note the reference to the Almighty – a further note of emphasis. Emphasis is very important in such a concentrated poem. The reader is forced to very rapidly deduce the persona’s emotions. He wishes that his emotions would fade; perhaps he can’t face the pain of rejection? In any case, it is implied that his emotional life is still very much alive – it has yet to wither. Second Stanza Notes: ‘For then, I, undistrest’ opens the second stanza. This is a complex line; ‘For then’ means ‘because’, due to the inverted commas around the ‘I’. ‘Undistrest’ is an archaic spelling of ‘un-distressed’ – meaning ‘not worried’. Note Hardy’s use of this word (diction). ‘Distress’ is an intrinsically negative word but by putting a negative prefix it becomes positive. However, the presence of two negative words in the line reflects oddly on its meaning and the impression given. Hardy does this for a reason. â€Å"For then, I, undistressed/ By hearts grown cold to me/ Could lonely wait my endless rest/ With equanimity.† Very simply, Hardy’s persona is stating that, if his heart had shrunk, he would be able to wait out his life ‘with equanimity’ – with a calm temperament. However, the presence of the ‘For then’ makes this stanza conditional, again implying that the persona is ‘without equanimity’ – he’s not brilliantly happy. He is losing emotional contact with those whom he still cares for. The emotional entities, contrasting the physical ones described in the first stanza, are once again reflected by enjambment; â€Å"Undistressed/ By hearts grown cold to me†. Some key techniques/ words in this stanza: * â€Å"Could lonely wait my endless rest.† – lonely, due to the ‘hearts grown cold to [him]’, obviously, but critics query the meaning of ‘endless rest’. Does is refer to death? The persona’s remaining life certainly won’t be ‘endless’. What does Hardy mean by this? Could it merely be a forced rhyme for ‘undistressed’? * â€Å"With equanimity† – Again, perhaps this is another forced rhyme, yet the calm metre reflects the expressed ‘calmness’. However (this applies to the entirety of the stanza), the reader’s association of intrinsic ‘goodness’ with ‘calmness’ is reversed by the conditional nature of the poem. Hardy’s persona wants to be calm and have his emotional life wither, as to reduce the pain of loss – a confusing idea in itself – but this has not happened. Third Stanza: Hardy arrives at the crux of the poem, with a comment on the cruel nature of Time. ‘Time’ is personified as an enemy of the human condition; it â€Å"Part steals, lets part abide†, apparently â€Å"to make [the persona] grieve†. Time removes (‘part steals’) the persona’s physical properties; his skin wastes etc. but Time lets his emotional passions remain intact – making relationships more painful as they deteriorate in old age. Hardy end his poem with the lines â€Å"And [Time] shakes this fragile frame at eve/ With throbbings of noontide†. These are vitally important lines. Within them, Hardy compares his persona’s life with a single day – diurnal imagery. They include a great deal of emotive imagery; ‘shakes’ and ‘with throbbings’. The latter reflects the throbbing of a heart. Hardy, to explain the metaphor, states that his persona is reminded at the ‘eve’ (end) of his life by the mental throbbing of his emotional height – his pinnacle of passion, to put it poetically. Critics have called it a very emotionally overt ending, with a somewhat forced rhyme-scheme once again. You decide.

Woman as Artist, Subject, or Patron in Baroque Art

Many elements must come together for a painting to be considered successful. Perhaps paramount in 17th century Europe were the guidelines set forth for art following the Council of Trent: Clarity, realism and emotional stimulus. Many artists fulfilled these requirements in their own ways: Rubens employed his mastery of drawing, while Caravaggio masked his apparent lack of skill by inventing a new way of painting, tenebrism (Caravaggism). While clarity could be established relatively easily, this doesn't mean images had to be simple.One of the most complex elements of Baroque painting is the use of women as subjects, particularly women of power, be they royal, biblical, or artists themselves. Artemisia Genteleschi's Judith Slaying Holofernes (1620) presents a female painter drawing on her own experiences to depict a heroine defeating a great enemy as only a lady could. Peter Paul Rubens' Medici Cycle (1622-25), specifically The Presentation of Her Portrait to Henry IV, shows the produ ct of a woman patron trying to glorify herself as a queen and justify her political ideals while being presented quite literally as an object to her husband-to-be.Finally, Diego Valazquez's Las Meninas (1656), a royal family portrait focusing on the daughter of Philip the IV and Mariana of Spain, but using the commission as a vehicle to draw attention to the artist and praise his craft. Using these three works, one can conclude that a woman, present as the artist, the patron or a decorative faux-subject, was a very powerful tool in Baroque art. Artemesia Genteleschi's Judith Slaying Holofernes shows the Old Testament story of a Jewish widow and her maidservant beheading the Assyrian commander Holofernes to save the city of Bethulia.The history of the artist is a strong influence on this work, as Artemesia was raped at age 17 by an associate of her father. Mary O'Neill points out in her article â€Å"Artemesia's Moment† that rape in the 17th century was a crime against a famil y's honor rather than the victim herself. This surely doesn't mean there is an absence of the psychological harm that accompanies the crime, and this work is seen as a â€Å"revenge painting†, an outlet for the artist to voice her feelings on a personal subject.Maybe one of the first examples of art therapy, a very powerful and deliberate action is taking place empowering women while keeping their femininity in tact, as mentioned in Mieke Bal's article,†Head Hunting: Judith on the Cutting Edge of Knowledge. † Bal says the three major jobs in women's lives are life-giving, in this case, saving the city and its residents; life taking, the killing of Holofernes; and in between, hard work, the two women with their sleeves rolled up, completing a task. The fact that the artist is female plays a large part in the mood and reception of the painting by both men and women.In this case we can compare it to a male-painted version of the same event. Caravaggio's, Judith Behea ding Holofernes (1599) shows the two women as apprehensive toward their charge and unwilling to make a mess, but the most striking visual difference is the red sash present in the background of both paintings, in Caravaggio's, it remains hanging as it should be in the space, in Artemesia's, it has fallen over the victim (victim? ) suggesting a battle has taken place and the women have triumphed.In Rubens' Medici Cycle, Louis VIII had come of age while his mother acting as regent, ruled France, when he grew tired of her policies, Marie de Medici commissioned the artist to make 26 paintings depicting events in her life to be shown to members of the French court and important visitors, with the intent to glorify herself as a legitimate ruler of France, â€Å"Painted Propaganda†, as David Freedberg puts it in his book Peter Paul Rubens: Oil Paintings and Oil Sketches. She was not meant to be shown as a mere member of the royal family, but as the single ruler of the country in whi ch her son was the rightful ruler.The fourth painting in this series, The Presentation of Her Portrait to Henry IV, shows the lady patron as a portrait, an object, being presented to a man, her husband-to-be. Though a woman as an object is generally seen as degrading, the way in which she is presented by deities and allegorical personifications strengthens the perception of the Medici: Hymenaios and Amor escort the portrait to the King while Jupiter and Juno look on in approval and France stands behind Henry in support of the union. She also engages the viewer, staring directly out of both frames, something the Kings isn't able to accomplish.This series wasn't meant to be viewed differently by men and women, only to glorify the â€Å"Queen Mother of France† to all people of France. The painting was produced at a time when Marie de Medici needed the support of her people, and although her attempt to keep the throne was ultimately unsuccessful, this painting among the series is a strong example of what women could accomplish as patrons to artists. Diego Valazquez's Las Meninas shows the more traditional negative way women can be shown as objects. composition dominated by women, the foreground depicts the Daughter of Philip IV and Mariana of Spain, Infanta Margarita surrounded by maids, dwarves, pets, other people important to the royal family as she goes about seemingly unimportant tasks. To her right, stands the artist, aposentador to the King, staring out at the audience as he paints. The king and queen are alluded to in a mirror on the back wall, present in the viewers space, as their physical presence in a portrait with the artist would be disrespectful. The artist takes advantage of this commission to raise his own status as an artist and member of the court.He does this by pretending Margarita is the subject, Magnificently dressed and centered, but bored and uninterested, only there to showcase the artists skill as a painter along with her servants. The Queen is also taken advantage of, present with her King in the background. Michel Foucault points out the objectivity of the King and Queen in his in-depth interpretation of the work in the first chapter of The Order of Things, â€Å"In the midst of all those attentive faces, all those richly dressed bodies, they are the palest, the most unreal, the most compromised of all the paintings images. only present to enhance the idea of the work the raise the artist and the art higher in the community. Men and women would both view this work similarly, showcasing the artists mastery of spacial representation and perspective, with underlying tones of narcissism as they discover the highly decorated and scholarly painter peeking out from behind the canvas. In these three very different views of women in paintings, as artists, as patrons, and as objects, we see how women were depicted, or used, as subjects in seventeenth-century art.It seems views of women have remained the same in the few hundred years since these works were completed, they can be seen as powerful, inspirational and strong, but also passive, boring, or as mere filler. The differences in composition, mood, and ideas were fun to discover as you move from a woman painter depicting a biblical event while drawing from her own experiences to a man attempting to keep a woman in the lifestyle to which she's become accustomed and not be executed himself.

Charles The First Essays - Roundheads, Knights Of The Garter

Charles The First Essays - Roundheads, Knights Of The Garter Charles the First The king, Charles the First, actions were legitimate, under the ideology he ruled with, absolutism. Though never stating it Charles the First, justified by his wife, was an absolutist. So from his perspective his practices are not at fault, and that is the bias this editorial will be written from, the viewpoint of someone who believes the king should be an absolute Monarch. What Oliver Cromwell, a majority of Parliament, and the Parliamentary forces did was a direct violation of the King's power. To take a quote from Louis the XIV, "L'?tat, c'est moi", a phrase meaning "I am the state", is a phrase that could be used to describe the absolutist rule that Charles the First was supposed to have. But actions taken by adversaries of the King and Country, including Civil War, attack on English troops, trespassing, treason, arresting the King, having soldiers march on parliament, and murder of King were treasonous actions against the King and consequently against the Country of England. Because as mentioned earlier in reference to the King, "L'?tat, c'est moi". So any crimes against the King are against the state. Making all who were involved in the fight against the king in the civil war are basically defeating the idea that it was a civil war since by definition they were fighting against there own country, and being extremely treasonous at the same time. T o sum up my previous statements the King is the Country so any crimes against the King are against the Country So the English Civil war was in fact not a civil war but a separatist movement against the Country of England. With aims to establish a military rule and discriminate against those of the Catholic faith. Cromwell's followers were upset over many things and tried to change them, violating the king's power. Cromwell was upset over remnants of the Catholicism in Anglicans churches and he wanted those things removed. But he had no right to do that since the King is head of the Anglican Church a right established by Henry the VIII and thus Cromwell could not set church policy. They tried to apply laws to the King such has treason. Which they can not do since according to absolutism the king is above the law and can not be controlled by any person, organization, governmental body for such a thing could be a threat to the sovereignty of England itself. This makes sense in the following example. If the king were to be ever controlled by a group with sinister intentions then they could control the polices and laws that the King sets, giving them untold power over the destiny of England, that has you can see is why the king must rule above all others. Which leads me to my next statement. If the king is above the law he should have control over all those under the law which is why the king should be able to command parliament, another major gripe of Cromwell's. People were upset when the king takes land away from the people, well he had every right to has the absolute ruler of England, in addition these people should have been proud to be serving there country by giving up the land for the betterment of England. By now you may be asking what gives the king the claim to all this privilege. Divine Right does. What mortal man would ever question God's very own choosing, Oliver Cromwell did, making him a heretic too. In conclusion the English Civil war was nothing but an uprising lead by traitorous heretics out to question the King's Divine Right over England and satisfy there own cravings for power.

Battle of Ligny During the Napoleonic Wars

Battle of Ligny During the Napoleonic Wars The Battle of Ligny was fought on June 16, 1815, during the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815). Heres a summary of the event. Battle of Ligney Background Having crowned himself Emperor of the French in 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte embarked on a decade of campaigning which saw him win victories at places such as Austerlitz, Wagram, and Borodino. Finally defeated and forced to abdicate in April 1814, he accepted exile on Elba under the terms of the Treaty of Fontainebleau. In the wake of Napoleons defeat, the European powers convened the Congress of Vienna to outline the postwar world. Unhappy in exile, Napoleon escaped and landed in France on March 1, 1815. Marching to Paris, he built an army as he traveled with soldiers flocking to his banner. Declared an outlaw by the Congress of Vienna, Napoleon worked to consolidate power as Britain, Prussia, Austria, and Russia formed the Seventh Coalition to prevent his return. Armies and Commanders Prussians Field Marshal Gebhard von Blà ¼cher84,000 men French Napoleon Bonaparte68,000 men Napoleons Plan Assessing the strategic situation, Napoleon concluded that a swift victory was required before the Seventh Coalition could fully mobilize its forces against him. To achieve this, he sought to destroy the Duke of Wellingtons coalition army south of Brussels before turning east to defeat Field Marshal Gebhard von Blà ¼chers approaching Prussian army. Moving north, Napoleon divided his Armee du Nord (Army of the North) in three giving command of the left-wing to Marshal Michel Ney, the right-wing to Marshal Emmanuel de Grouchy, while retaining personal command of a reserve force. Understanding that if Wellington and Blà ¼cher united they would have the power to crush him, he crossed the border at Charleroi on June 15 with the intention of defeating the two coalition armies in detail. That same day, Wellington began directing his forces to move towards Quatre Bras while Blà ¼cher concentrated at Sombreffe. Determining the Prussians to pose a more immediate threat, Napoleon directed Ney to seize Quatre Bras while he moved with the reserves to reinforce Grouchy. With both coalition armies defeated, the road to Brussels would be open. The next day, Ney spent the morning forming his men while Napoleon joined Grouchy at Fleurus. Making his headquarters at the windmill of Brye, Blà ¼cher deployed Lieutenant-General Graf von Zietens I Corps to defend a line running through the villages of Wagnelà ©e, Saint-Amand, and Ligny. This formation was supported by Major General George Ludwig von Pirchs II Corps to the rear. Extending east from I Corps left was Lieutenant General Johann von Thielemanns III Corps which covered Sombreffe and the armys line of retreat. As the French approached on the morning on June 16, Blà ¼cher directed II and III Corps to send troops to reinforce Zietens lines. Napoleon Attacks To dislodge the Prussians, Napoleon intended to send forward General Dominique Vandammes III Corps and General Étienne Gà ©rards IV Corps against the villages while Grouchy was to advance on Sombreffe. Hearing artillery fire coming from Quatre Bras, Napoleon commenced his attack around 2:30 PM. Striking Saint-Amand-la-Haye, Vandammes men carried the village in heavy fighting. Their hold proved brief as a determined counterattack by Major General Carl von Steinmetz reclaimed it for the Prussians. Fighting continued to swirl around Saint-Amand-Haye through the afternoon with Vandamme again taking possession. As the loss of the village threatened his right flank, Blà ¼cher directed part of II Corps to attempt to envelop Saint-Amand-le-Haye. Moving forward, Pirchs men were blocked by Vandamme in front of Wagnelà ©e. Arriving from Brye, Blà ¼cher took personal control of the situation and directed a strong effort against Saint-Amand-le-Haye. Striking the battered French, this assa ult secured the village. Fighting Rages As fighting raged to the west, Gà ©rards men hit Ligny at 3:00 PM. Enduring heavy Prussian artillery fire, the French penetrated the town but were ultimately driven back. A subsequent assault culminated in bitter house-to-house fighting which resulted in the Prussians maintaining their hold on Ligny. Around 5:00 PM, Blà ¼cher directed Pirch to deploy the bulk of II Corps south of Brye. At the same time, a degree of confusion struck the French high command as Vandamme reported seeing a large enemy force approaching Fleurus. This actually was Marshal Comte dErlons I Corps marching in from Quatre Bras as requested by Napoleon. Unaware of Napoleons orders, Ney recalled dErlon before he reached Ligny and I Corps played no role in the fighting. The confusion caused by this created a break which allowed Blà ¼cher to order II Corps into action. Moving against the French left, Pirchs corps was stopped by Vandamme and General Guillaume Duhesmes Young Guard Division. The Prussians Break Around 7:00 PM, Blà ¼cher learned that Wellington was heavily engaged at Quatre Bras and would be unable to send aid. Left on this own, the Prussian commander sought to end the fighting with a strong attack against the French left. Assuming personal oversight, he reinforced Ligny before massing his reserves and launching an assault against Saint-Amand. Though some ground was gained, French counterattacks forced the Prussians to begin retreating. Reinforced by General Georges Moutons VI Corps, Napoleon began assembling a massive strike against the enemy center. Opening a bombardment with sixty guns, he ordered troops forward around 7:45 PM. Overwhelming the tired Prussians, the attack broke through Blà ¼chers center. To halt the French, Blà ¼cher directed his cavalry forward. Leading a charge, he was incapacitated after having his horse shot. The Prussian cavalry was soon halted by their French counterparts. Aftermath Assuming command, Lieutenant-General August von Gneisenau, Blà ¼chers chief of staff, ordered a retreat north to Tilly after the French broke through at Ligny around 8:30 PM. Conducting a controlled retreat, the Prussians were not pursued by the exhausted French. Their situation improved quickly as the newly-arrived IV Corps deployed as a strong rearguard at Wavre which allowed a rapidly-recovering Blà ¼cher to reassemble his army. In the fighting at the Battle of Ligny, the Prussians sustained around 16,000 casualties while French losses numbered around 11,500. Though a tactical victory for Napoleon, the battle failed to mortally wound Blà ¼chers army or drive it to a location from which it could no longer support Wellington. Forced to fall back from Quatre Bras, Wellington assumed a defensive position where on June 18 he engaged Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo. In heavy fighting, he won a decisive victory with the aid of the Blà ¼chers Prussians which arrived in the afternoo n.

To what extent has internationalisation of Chinas firms been Essay

To what extent has internationalisation of Chinas firms been successful Why do Chinas firms, especially large ones, internationalise their operations) Use business examples to illustrate your argument - Essay Example le of the approaches of the organisations and their behaviours is decisively important in mounting the performance of the business units in the contemporary business world. It is believed that structures and the behaviours of the organisations towards their business growth and operations have further determined the operational direction of the business upto a considerable extent. It has been apparently observed that the approach of the modern day organisations in business is multidimensional in nature which includes various noteworthy activities such as leadership, creativity and motivation that collectively contribute towards organisational success. It is worth mentioning that efficacy of the organisations in every possible business domain will ensure its position in the global business environment and work as a major influential factor for organisational performance in the long run (Ding, Michele, and Pavlovich 148-152). Contextually, it has been analysed that the performance of an y business is also largely dependent on the approach of the companies towards gaining a competitive position in the global business market. For instance, the companies that bind their operations limited to that of national boundaries will not be able to gain long-term sustainability and maximum growth for the business. This aspect further encourages companies to perform with utmost courage and take every possible step to grow the business operations on a larger scale. This aspect is also accompanied by the approach of the businesses towards globalising their business operations and operating in more competitive environment further enhancing the competitive competency of the business. This approach of modern day companies towards enhancing or expanding their business operations in the global business market is termed as internationalisation. It is evident that owing to globalisation companies intend to expand their business operations in the global platform for ensuring their wider

Aviation Argument Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Aviation Argument - Term Paper Example The White paper has a self-serving interpretation of the air traffic control outsourcing proposal. Indeed, the time for the outsourcing of the American air traffic control jobs is now. The outsourcing of the air traffic control job contains many issues. The research centers on the advantages of outsourcing. The research focuses on the White paper’s biased analysis of the outsourcing alterative. The time for outsourcing the air traffic control processes must not be delayed further. The privatization of ATC will improve current air traffic service. Ron Hira (2008) emphasized â€Å"Offshore outsourcing in the services sector is a major shift in how our economy operates, and it will have serious impacts on the trajectory of economic growth, national security, the distribution of income, and the workforce. These impacts will be both positive and negative. When the business owners and consultants who are moving jobs overseas claim that their actions will have a clear net positive, they are merely fortune telling†. In terms of air safety data shows that Canada’s air safety is better than the current United States air safety program. Canada outsources its air traffic control responsibilities. In addition, there is better safety statistics in United States airports run by private contractors (outsource companies) when compared to the air safety statistics of United States airports run by Federal Aviation Administration or FAA. In addition, Nav Canada complied with all requirements to effectively and efficiently control the landing and takeoff of planes with its airports. The Canada outsourcing companies cooperated with NORAD and Federal Aviation Administration by implementing high quality air traffic control operations. With privatization, there will be smoother and quicker implementation of advanced air traffic control technology, which is beyond the current FAA’s current slow modernization activities. Outsourcing

Politics of Recognition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Politics of Recognition - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that Taylor’s essay on â€Å"politics of recognition† was first published back in 1992. According to Taylor, there is a strong relationship between â€Å"personal identity† and â€Å"recognition†. As explained by Taylor, the term â€Å"personal identity† is all about being able to know who we really are as a human being and that the â€Å"personal identity† of each person often times can be molded by how the society would perceive our own identity including how our personal identity should be. For instance, in case the society was able to create a positive opinion concerning a group of people, then one can easily argue that this group of people would definitely develop a positive feeling about their own self. On the contrary, assuming that the society would have a negative thought about a certain group of people, then those people who are affected by the society’s negative remarks would somehow make the affected people feel bad about themselves. A good example wherein the society can cause harm to a certain group of people can be noted in the case of the African Americans. In line with this, Taylor mentioned that it is the group of white Americans who created a degrading image on most African American people. For this reason, there are some African Americans who may somehow be unconsciously affected by such negative remarks. This also partly explains why there are some African Americans who view themselves as someone who is less superior as compared to the white Americans. Taylor also considered the case of the feminist's group as an example of â€Å"politics of recognition†. As a common knowledge, the feminist's group is a group of women who aim to fight for gender equality and so on. However, one cannot deny the fact that there are quite a lot of women all over the world who have decided to accept the socio-economic limitations that were imposed on them by most p atriarchal society. Instead of fighting for their rights to have gender equality, some women are more willing to let go of more promising opportunities due to the absence of adequate self-identity.

Misuse Of Drugs And Alcohol: Effect on Children

Misuse Of Drugs And Alcohol: Effect on Children This research proposal concerns the investigation and analysis of the impact of parental misuse of alcohol on children. The perceptions of policy makers and members of society in the UK have for many years acknowledged the negative consequences of excessive alcohol consumption on health, behaviour and public safety. Such perceptions have in turn resulted in curbs on sale of alcohol to young people and to restrictions on driving under its influence. Social workers along with professionals in areas like health, medicine and law and order are also working towards reducing domestic violence and disruption on account of alcohol misuse (Bancroft, et al, 2005, p 47). The impact of parental alcohol misuse on children has however been largely ignored, even in the midst of growing concern about increasing alcohol consumption; especially amongst young people (Murray, 2005, p 7). Recent reports highlight that children numbering more than 2.6 million in the UK live with dangerous drinkers, even as more than 8 million children are adversely affected by alcohol misuse of family members. Families where parents misuse alcohol are by and large characterised by poorer functioning. Such families are perceived to lack cohesion, ritual and routines; they have (a) lesser levels of verbal and physical expression, display of positive feelings, and caring and warmth, and (b) greater degrees of unresolved conflict (Murray, 2005, p 9). Misuse of alcohol by parents is seen to be causal in (a) adverse physiological and physical outcomes for children and (b) fostering of environments that are unfit for children, both for development and for living. Such environments are marked by numerous incidences of neglect and direct or indirect violence (Harwin Forrester, 2002, p 84). There is a great deal of evidence to show that parental alcohol misuse can harm children in diverse ways and lead to behavioural difficulties in early and later life. Children exposed to domestic conditions of parental alcohol misuse are less likely to do well in the classroom and appear to be more prone to mental health problems in later life (Harwin Forrester, 2002, p 85). Evidence also suggests that a huge majority of alcohol dependent people in the UK had alcohol misusers for parents and work towards perpetuating the cycle for future generations (Kroll Taylor, 2003, p 25). There is also disturbing evidence to reveal that parental misuse of alcohol is significantly associated with deaths and serious abuse. Studies of adults, who are homeless, imprisoned or have substance misuse problems show significant association of such people with parents who misuse alcohol (Kroll Taylor, 2003, p 27). 1.2. Aims and Objectives The proposed research study aims to study the impact of parental misuse of alcohol in detail, with specific regard its relevance for social work theory and practice. The objectives of the dissertation are as under: To investigate the short and long term consequences of parental alcohol misuse on children? To investigate the relevance of the issue in current social work theory and practice? To assess the rationale, validity and effectiveness of current social work approaches in improving the situation, with regard to both results and costs To provide recommendations on improving policy and practice approaches towards improving outcomes for children of parents with alcohol misuse problems. 2. Literature Review 2.1. Short and Long Term Consequences of Parental Alcohol Misuse on Children Research reveals that children of parents who misuse alcohol consumption can suffer from a variety of physical, psychological and behavioural problems with short and long term outcomes. As alcohol problems differ in character, severity and time period, their impact upon children also varies (Murray, 2005, p 4). It is however clear from national and international studies that the children of families in which one or both parents engage in alcohol abuse have greater problems than others. Seven important features of the family lives of these children, namely (1) roles, (2) rituals, (3) routines, (4) social life, (5) finances, (6) communication, and (7) conflict could be adversely affected (Murray, 2005, p 5). Whilst parents with alcohol abuse problems cannot certainly be equated with bad or uncaring parents, research does suggest that alcohol problems adversely affect parenting quality. Excessive drinking can make individuals emotionally unavailable, unpredictable and inconsistent and result in passive, neglectful or even harsh parenting (Grekin, et al, 2005, p 15). With children learning from their parents about who they are, particularly in relation to others, children of parents who engage in alcohol abuse are likely to get ambiguous and inconsistent information, mainly because of the unpredictability on the behaviour and responses of such parents (Grekin, et al, 2005, p 18). Whilst inconsistency occurs mainly on account of the unpredictable way in which such parents behave, such impulsiveness and irresponsibility in their behaviour results in the imposition of responsibilities on children that are excessive and beyond their years, which in turn affects their education, their family life and their relationships with their peers (Murray, 2005, p 9). Such children also face high risks of social exclusion because of their urge to conceal their parental drinking from their friends. Such children sometimes carers of their parents, especially in circumstances of domestic violence and can ally with the drinking parent or against him or her. Psychologists and behavioural specialists state that children of problem drinkers could fail to internalise their feelings of worth and trust and often learn not to trust, feel or talk. They may also be worried about the abilities of their parents to safeguard them and thus find it difficult to trust others (Murray, 2005, p 9 ). Children of parents with alcohol problems are at significantly greater risk of witnessing and experiencing verbal, physical, and sexual abuse, as well as neglect. Excessive alcohol consumption plays a major role in 25 to 33 % of known child abuse cases (Kroll Taylor, 2003, p 29). Children of problem drinkers are also extremely likely to blame themselves for the difficulties experienced by their families in naÃÆ' ¯ve attempts to make their environment become better able in supporting them. Such children are also likely to carry their experiences of childhood into adulthood. Unborn children of mothers engaged in alcohol abuse during pregnancy can develop Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), involving a variety of mental and physical health problems (Kroll Taylor, 2003, p 34). 2.2. Resilience among Children of People with Alcohol Consumption Problems Whilst many of the problems described above place significant demands on social workers, especially when they continue through generations, it is also true that some children of parents with drinking problems do not seem to face as many difficulties as others. They appear to have greater resilience (Murray, 2005, p 5). Contemporary research reveals that certain protective processes and factors can reduce the adverse effect of parental alcohol difficulties on children, in the short as well as the long term. Such protective factors include high degrees of confidence and self esteem, self efficacy, ability to handle change, good problem solving skills, strong and positive family functioning, close and positive bonding with one or more caring adults, and good support networks beyond the family (Murray, 2005, p 7). Protective processes on the other hand include planning on behalf of children to make their lives less disruptive by (a) reduction of the impact of risks by altering the exposu re of children to such risks, and (b) development and maintenance of self efficacy and self-esteem and self efficacy, and (c) improving the care provided by parents (Murray, 2005, p 7). 2.3. Social Work Policy and Practice for Children of Parents with Alcohol Related Problems The national policy for dealing with adults with alcohol related problems is fragmented and approaches the issue from different angles. The main components of the governmentà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s national policy towards containment of alcohol misuse are as under (Galvani, 2006, p 3-7): The National Alcohol Harm Reduction strategy for England focused upon the requirement for services in the area of alcohol and domestic abuse to function together to address the issue. The guidance document for the delivery of alcohol strategy acknowledges the requirement for assessment of consequences of alcohol problems on children. The guidance document on alcohol misuse intervention focuses on the ways in which PCTs, along with local authorities, criminal justice agencies and voluntary agencies should understand and implement their roles in dealing with alcohol related crimes. The Drug and Alcohol National Occupational Standards appreciates the requirement for workers to be able to safeguard and reduce the risk of abuse, both by and to their clients. The vision for services for children and young people who are affected by domestic violence guides commissioners on (a) the important aspects of support for children and young people experiencing domestic abuse, (b) assessment of gaps in local services, and (c) their priorities for action. The Children Act 1989 and its subsequent amendments incorporates the witnessing or hearing of bad treatment of children by other persons to be included in parameters for assessment of harm. The National Service Framework for children, young people and maternity services focuses upon relationship conflict and alcohol and drug use as important areas where parents could require early intervention as well as multi-agency support. The 2009 Task Force Report in response to Lord Lamingà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s Report states that many children continue to be at risk of harm on from the people they should otherwise be rely on for care and love and that the government is responsible for doing everything possible to safeguard such vulnerable children (HM Government, 2009, p 29). The 2011 Munro Report on child protection states the need for abandoning the old standardised and bureaucratic approach to child protection and customising services on the basis of the experiences and needs of children Monroe, 2010, p 1). The recently elected coalition government is in the process of assessing and reshaping national policy towards social work and some refocus of attention of policy makers on the consequences of impact of parental alcohol misuse on children is expected. 2.4. Research Questions The aims and objectives of the proposed research, along with the information obtained from a brief review of literature have resulted in the formulation of the following research questions. Research Question 1: What are the short and long term consequences of parental misuse of alcohol on children? Research Question 2: How is current social work policy and practice dealing with this problem? Research Question 3: What is the rationale of existing policies and practices for improving the lives of children threatened by excessive parental consumption of alcohol? Research Question 4: What is the validity of such policies and practices and what is the extent of their effectiveness? Research Question 5: How can current policies and practices be improved for bettering the life outcomes of children at risk from parents who engage in excessive alcohol consumption? 3. Research Method 3.1. Choice of Research Method Social research is by and large conducted with the use of positivist and interpretivist epistemologies, which in turn largely call for the respective use of quantitative and qualitative methods of research (Bryman, 2004, p 43). With the issue under investigation being extremely complex and multifaceted, the use of quantitative methods is hardly likely to yield any substantial or new results. Quantitative surveys on the issue have already revealed the various problems that can stem from excessive alcohol consumption by parents on their children. The use of interpretivist methodology and qualitative research techniques should help in the investigation and analysis of the subject under issue. It is proposed to obtain relevant information on the subject from appropriate primary and secondary sources, whilst information from secondary sources will be obtained from the substantial amount of information and research findings on the subject that is publicly available. The researcher proposes to obtain primary information through the conduct of detailed one-to-one interviews with three social workers who have been closely involved in providing services to the families and children of people suffering from alcohol misuse problems. The interviews will be conducted carefully with the use of a range of open and close ended questions and will hopefully lead to interesting and relevant information. 3.2. Ethics The researcher will take all measures to follow appropriate ethical codes of conduct, with regard to informed consent, confidentiality, absence of coercion, and freedom to answer or not to answer questions. Efforts will be made to ensure that the research is totally original and devoid of any form of plagiarism (Creswell Clark, 2006, p 69).

Our Town :: essays research papers

Wilder's passionate plea in the play is to appreciate every moment of every day, for life is a fleeting thing. With troubles rapidly expanding in Europe and war becoming a looming reality, people were inundated with the negative aspects of life. To see Our Town was to escape from the negative and rejoice in the ordinary; it reaffirmed faith in the unchanging moral values of small town living. It was obviously the balm that audiences needed in the midst of a pessimistic and changing world. Through his play, Wilder tries to teach the audience to seize the moment and enjoy living. There are no guarantees about a certain life span, as evidenced by the premature deaths of Emily Webb and her brother, Wally; tomorrow may be too late. By calling the drama Our Town and portraying ordinary people and events, the people in the audience and the readers of the play can identify with the theme and apply it to their own lives. Our Town is an unusual play in structure. It intentionally contains lit tle action, in order to support the theme; nothing exciting or suspenseful happens in any of the three acts, just as nothing exciting happens in Grover's Corners. The play also ignores most dramatic conventions. In the beginning, the Stage Manager saunters on to an empty stage to talk directly to the audience; he tells them that the play is ready to begin. He then describes the appearance of Grover's Corners and its inhabitants. The play also ignores the unity of time and place. Between the first and second acts, three years pass. Then between the second and third acts, another nine years pass. In addition, the omniscient Stage Manager has repeated flashbacks to the past and flash-forwards to the future, further negating a unity of time. The play also has many locations. Although the entire play takes place in or around Grover's Corners, each act has a different and distinct key setting. In Act I, most of the action takes place in the homes of the Webb’s and the Gibbs; often the activity in both homes is seen on stage at once, in order to emphasize the sameness of things in this small town. The second act is set largely at the church, where Emily and George are married.

Does the Art of Science Vitiate the Science of Art? Essay

INTRODUCTION   Why there would be ripples in the modern art world, if a 17th century artist is found to have used an instrument to perfect his art? It all started when David Hockney, a British artist, started his research on artists, mainly of the Renaissance Period, when observed some ‘suspicious details’ in the works of Johannes Vermeer (1632-1675), an artist of Holland, who, like many of his contemporaries had failed to make his rank in his time and thus struggled all along, before getting recognized and appreciated posthumously. The fact that he could master only 30 paintings indicates about the roadblocks he had before him.   However, he has been ‘rediscovered’ presently and his works are now lauded for its wonderful details, which are found to be one up in his time, mainly for their precision. The Situation It was that precision, which caught the fancy of David the researcher. Stunned by the perfect perspectives and light distortions in Vermeer’s paintings. David delved deep into matter and came out with a conclusion that Vermeer might have used a refracting device, such as a ‘Camera Obscura’, to achieve that incredible degree of precision in the details in his paintings. Camera Obscura It is one of the early optical instruments, presumed to have been invented in the late Renaissance period, around the time Galileo, the inventor of Telescope. However, Hockney`s new evidence seems to suggest that the usage of magnifying tools like Camera Obscura were there well before that. That’s a good finding. The Art of Science Camera Obscura is a light-tight box with a small whole on one side, through which an image of an outside object can be projected onto a wall or piece of paper. The resulting image will be projected upside down. This is due to the fact that the reflected rays of light, which enter the box, do not spread out but traverse and reorganize, before reappearing as an upside down reflection. The size of the pinhole determines the sharpness of the reflected image, as well as the degree of diffraction and the level of light sensitivity. The narrower the passage of light, the lesser sensitive is the image. Moreover, narrow holes result in sharper projections and a better image resolution – since the resulting circle of confusion, the distortion of bright areas caused by the shape of the pinhole, will be smaller. This situation also calls to define the resultant diffraction from a particularly small pinhole, which causes a rather unfocused projection of the image. This phenomenon can be explained by the wave theory of light, which states that light behaves like a wave. Diffraction, in this case, refers to the dispersion of waves (light) when passing through the pinhole, which produces a hologram effect. The smaller and closer to the lights’ wavelength the hole is, larger the proportion is in the diffraction pattern, compared to a larger opening. To further increase the brightness and focus of the image, artists started to use a lens instead of the pinhole. It is really heartening to imagine that some of the artists of the Renaissance Period experimented on such nuances of diffraction towards gaining unbelievably realistic, almost photographic paintings. Vermeer’s Endeavor Situations indeed indicate that Vermeer might have used a Camera Obscura to enhance his paintings. Firstly, Vermeer didn’t seem to have used any sort of sketches or preparatory drawings while on his way towards producing paintings with incredibly realistic details and perspective in them. That couldn’t have happened if such works were done manually. His work, â€Å"Soldier and Laughing Girl†, where an amazingly detailed map can be seen hanging on the wall in the background, consolidates this assumption – even after zooming, the map seems to be an exact replication of a map at the time. How could he achieve such precision at one go, if he didn’t use any instrument? Another indication is the presence of bright, round reflections on reflective surfaces. Almost all the reflections in Vermeer’s paintings have an unusually circular shape. We now believe that these round reflections are circles of confusion, which are caused by the imperfection of the lens through which the image is reflected or can occur when the lens is not focused. Such unusually round reflections are distortions of bright areas caused by the shape of the pinhole of the Camera Obscura. One of the most famous examples of such a circle of confusion is the reflection in the girl’s earring in Vermeer`s masterpiece â€Å"The girl with the pearl earring.† Thirdly most of his paintings seem to take place in the same room. A reason for this could have been the size and weight of the apparatus. It might have been too laborious and time consuming to move the optic device in those days. Furthermore, in his painting â€Å"The Music Lesson†, there is a mirror on top of the piano, which reflects the leg of an object, which could have been a Camera Obscura. Science of Art Even though the indications point towards Vermeer’s using of optical instruments, that should be seen as a bold, and nonetheless creative endeavor, which aligns with the intellectual movements of that period – considering the treatise and texts about optics circulated then – only substantiates Vermeer’s contemporary approach towards his work, when people of 17th century had been exploring the possibilities of mirrors and lenses – it was then, even with low quality lenses and bad resolution, Vermeer and his colleagues would have been able to create incredibly detailed pictures. Lastly, the use of such instrument at that time could not have lessened the value of the art. It is assumed, that the painters using a Camera Obscura, merely used the projection of the image as a foundation, a sketch, on which they would paint. Since the projection of the image would be like a movie in color and every movement of the object would distort the artist drawing, only certain features of the object could be taken down on paper, leaving the rest to be done by the artist him/herself. CONCLUSION Artists of 17th century could not be totally dependent on Camera Obscura – they had to add in their own imagination, creativity and hard, manual labor. Attaining precision was just a part of their whole aim, and the attempt to achieve that by using an instrument cannot be hyped as something demeaning in the approach of the artists who did that. It is clear that those artists simply used Camera Obscura to increase precision or shorten the sketching time. There is nothing more in this useless debate, as the choice and combination of colors, the brush strokes, the shading, the technique and much more that take to make a great image, were done all by the artists themselves. To quote Hockney – â€Å"The lens can’t draw a line, only the hand can do that†, would be enough to block this controversy for once and all. Therefore this has nothing to do with any useless debate on the ethical violation of the creative processes involved in painting. It could have been so, if Vermeer did his works with blood, or stole or plagiarize someone else’s idea.

The Effect of Part-Time Jobs on Students

Balancing a Schedule Balancing a part-time job while attending classes full-time will force a student to balance their schedule. A March 2009 study by the Bureau of Labor Statistics says students with part-time work reduce the time spent on homework, sleeping, socialization and life maintenance by 84 percent. A student employee will need to learn how to not let the decrease on time spent on studying show in her academic performance. Experiencing Workplace Culture Classroom learning is important, but the culture of workplaces and offices are hard to impart within the classroom.Holding down a regular position outside the classroom will allow students to gain firsthand experience in office culture and politics, which will be helpful upon graduation and their first full-time job. Sponsored Links University of Liverpool Boost your career with Master in Business Administration. Apply Now! www. liverpool-degrees. com It's All Who You Know In today's weak economy, it is even more crucial for students to make as many valuable connections as possible.Working part time for a campus office or off-campus organization will allow students to network outside their social circles, giving them valuable recommendations and contacts for their full-time job search. Accountability and Responsibility According to â€Å"Work on the Campus: Benefits for Student and Institution† by Mary Roark, â€Å"Values, skills, emotional maturity, personal identity and integrity are fostered through (on-campus) employment experiences. † Student-employees will learn to be accountable for their actions in a non-classroom or home environment, and experience how responsibility is delegated and evaluated in an office.Basic Skills Many on-campus part-time jobs will give students the opportunity to learn administrative skills, such as phone and email etiquette, office electronics troubleshooting, and meeting manners. Gaining such skills while in school will place a student-employee ahead of t he curve when they enter the full-time workforce. Read more: The Effect of Part-Time Jobs on Students | eHow. com http://www. ehow. com/facts_5518492_effect-parttime-jobs-students. html#ixzz2CvDLxt4w

How to Write a Novel Writing an AMAZING Book in 15 Steps

How to Write a Novel Writing an AMAZING Book in 15 Steps How to Write a Novel in 15 Steps Much like learning to ride a bike, the best way to learn how to write a novel is by just doing it. Unlike saddling up on a Schwinn for the first time, however, writing a novel can’t be accomplished in one hot summer’s day. It requires good doses of commitment and perseverance. As Octavia Butler put it: â€Å"You don’t start out writing good stuff. You start out writing crap and thinking it’s good stuff, and then gradually you get better at it. That’s why I say one of the most valuable traits is persistence.†This post will break up the 15 major steps of writing a novel into bite-sized pieces, organized in three categories - before, during, and after you write your manuscript. Those steps are as follows:How to Write a Novel: Working with readers is important, because during the writing process authors can often become blind to certain issues like plot holes, lack of continuity, exposition dumps, etc. Beta readers can help you iron these things out before you publish your novel - and you get the exact same feedback, only in a negative user review on Amazon which everyone can see.For more information on where to find beta readers and tips for getting the most out of working with them, head here. And if you're curious about sensitivity readers and what they do, go here.15. Hire a professional editorOne of the most important parts of getting a novel ready for publication is to: hire an editor. It might not be the cheapest investment, but when you think of the many hours you’ve spent getting your novel to this point, the cost of getting an expert to fine-tune and polish your story is likely worth it.Here are a few types of editors you might want to consider working with:Developmental Editor. If youâ⠂¬â„¢re planning to hire multiple editors once you finish your manuscript, it’s best to start with a developmental one. They will provide a holistic and in-depth review of your novel,   giving you feedback on everything from problematic characterization to sentence structure.Copyediting. A copyeditor has a more zero’d-in approach than developmental editor. They will make sure that the â€Å"copy† - the actual language used in your novel - is perfect, keeping an eye out for things like bad grammar, repetition of certain words, or spelling mistakes.Proofreading. Typically the last stage of editing, proofing provides your manuscript with a final polish, making sure it puts its best foot forward when it hits the presses. A proofreader will ensure that every word in your novel is spelt correctly and that every sentence is grammatically correct, clearly marking any errors they find.Learn more about what each type of editing consists of here.Now, how about that pri ce tag we mentioned? Well, the cost of professional editing will depend on a number of variables: the type of editing you need, the specific editor you hire, and your books length, to start.But to give you a general idea, here are the potential costs of editing a 60,000-word manuscript:Developmental Editing: $1,440Copy Editing: $1,020Proofreading: $600Check out our post for more information on the costs of editing - and even try out our pricing calculator by entering the word count for your novel and genre. Step by step: tackle writing a novel in bite-sized pieces And there you have it, 15 steps that will take you from â€Å"one day I’ll write a novel† to â€Å"today I finished writing my first novel.† During the process, the perfect title for your book may have come to you. If not, finding the perfect moniker for your story will likely be a last - and important! - step. But don’t worry, we’re not going to leave you hanging. Check out our book title generator and generate titles based on your genre until you find the one.What step of the process do you typically get stuck on? What advice might you have for other writers currently struggling to get their novel going? Leave any thoughts or questions in the comments below!